Influence of Seaweed Extracts on Growth and Seed Yield in Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) cv. VBN 2

Introduction

Green gram, a significant pulse crop in India, offers high-quality protein. It belongs to the family “Leguminosae”. Green gram is a short-duration crop that is typically grown as a rain-fed, rice-fallow crop that is also irrigated. A significant concern is ensuring food security, which can only be achieved by raising agricultural output. Higher yields can only be achieved by utilizing macro and micronutrients, which play a crucial role in crop nutrition.¹ The primary factor limiting the crop growth and productivity is the deficiency of essential nutrients. With its preference for technology and accuracy, modern agriculture expects every seed to emerge quickly and develop into healthy seedlings, assuring a high yield. For mechanized cultural activities, synchronization in development and uniformity of growth are extremely desirable attributes. There are several uses for seaweed extract as a seed treatment. Seaweed extract contains an abundance of nutrients and hormones that promote growth. Seaweed liquid fertilizers can act us effective means for raising agricultural output.²

Seaweed fertilizer, sometimes referred to as Liquid Seaweed Fertiliser (or) Seaweed Liquid Fertiliser (or) Liquid Fertiliser, together with powdered algal manure that has been diced or whole and then mixed in, can be applied to grains, pulses, and flowering plants. The absence of weeds and pathogenic fungus in seaweed manure is a benefit. Brown algae liquid extracts are sold as biostimulants or biofertilizers under a variety of brand names. Because seaweed extracts reduce the frequency of disease and insect attack, they have been shown to increase crop output, nitrogen uptake, resistance to cold and stress, and enhance seed germination. Coastal farmers applied seaweed manure on a range of crops to alter the soil’s composition and improve its capacity to retain moisture because seaweeds are rich sources of N, K, other minerals, trace elements, carbohydrates, and other organic materials.³ Seaweed extracts are also known to stimulate nutrient uptake, improve seed germination and growth, confer a degree of cold resistance, and increase plant resistance to phytopathological fungi and insect.⁴

Kappaphycus alvarezii extract, abundant in plant growth regulators and nutrients, demonstrates favorable effects across various crops. Its rich composition of micro and macronutrients contributes to enhanced crop performance and yield responses. Numerous study areas are primarily concerned with the utilization of seaweed extracts in plants as foliar sprays, seed treatments, or soil treatments. With this background, the current study aimed to determine whether different quantities of seaweed extracts (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria) could improve the parameters associated with the growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L) VBN 2.

Materials and Methods

Seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria were collected at Ramanathapuram, India, south coastal Pudhumadam region. The obtained sample was properly cleaned with sea water to get rid of any last bits of sandy material, debris, gravel, and the epiphytes before being carefully rinsed with water.

Preparation of Seaweed Extract (SWE)

Following a four-day period of shade drying, the seaweeds were dried in the oven for a period of twelve hours at 60˚Ϲ. Following a manual grinding of the mixture into a coarse powder, distilled water was then added in a 1:20 (w/v) ratio. The combination was then sterilised at 121˚Ϲ and 151bs/sq.inch for a duration of thirty minutes. Following their passage through a double-layered cheesecloth, the heated extracts were allowed to come down to room temperature.⁵ The fifteen minutes were spent centrifuging the filtrate at 10,000 rpm. 100% liquid seaweed extracts were consumed from the resulting supernatant. The extract was used to create different quantities of liquid seaweed fertilizer by mixing it with distilled water. Five different concentrations of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii were prepared: 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%. In contrast, four different concentrations of gracilaria were prepared: 2.5%, 5.0%, 10%, and 15%.

Treatment details

T₀ – Control

T₁ – Kappaphycus sap @ 1.0% + Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T₂ – Kappaphycus sap @ 1.5% + Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T₃ – Kappaphycus sap @ 2.0%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T₄ – Kappaphycus sap @ 2.5%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T₅ – Kappaphycus sap @ 3.0%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T_{6 –} Gracilaria sap @ 2.5%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T_{7 –} Gracilaria sap @ 5%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T₈ – Gracilaria sap @ 10%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

T₉ – Gracilaria sap @ 15%+ Soaking + RDF + Foliar spray.

Three replications of the field experiment were conducted employing a Randomized Block Design, consisting of ten treatments, with dried seeds serving as the control. Field trials were conducted at the Experimental Farm with soaking and foliar spray. Foliar spray was given at three times viz., 30 days, 45 days and 60 days of crop growth. All the trails were maintained along with the control. The total number of branches from each of the chosen plants was counted, and the average number of branches per plant was noted. Ten uprooted plants’ roots were cleaned, and the number of nodules found in the lateral and tap roots was recorded and represented as a whole number. In each plot, the number of days from sowing to the first flowering at each plant node was noted, and the mean value was reported as the number of days to the first flowering. The number of clusters per plant at maturity was noted for the five randomly chosen plants, and the mean value was computed and presented as a numerical value. When the pods in each plant reached maturity, their lengths were measured on a scale. The longitudinal splitting of the pods employed to measure the length of the pods allowed for the counting of the seeds within each pod and the recording of the mean number of seeds per pod as a number. Hand shelling was done on the pods of the ten tagged plants in each treatment. After the seeds were washed, their mean weight was measured using an electric balance and reported in grams. Panse and Sukhatme procedure were used to statistically analyze the data from field experiments.⁶ 

Results

The results were recorded under field conditions. The green gram seeds treated with 2.5 percent Kappaphycus alvarezii showed higher values of parameters related to growth and yield viz., plant height (cm) (42.06), no. of leaves per plant (44.85), no. of branches per plant (9.77), chlorophyll (mg/g^-1) ‘a’ & ‘b’ (1.296 & 1.253), total chlorophyll (mg/g^-1) (1.578), no. of nodules per plant (10.48), days to first flowering (26), no. of clusters per plant (8.47), no. of pods per plant (29.75), pod yield per plant (22.02), pod length (8.55), no. of seeds per pod (12.88), seed yield per plant (5.71) and hundred seed weight (3.76).

The minimum plant height, no. of leaves per plant, no. of branches per plant, chlorophyll ‘a’ & ‘b’, and total chlorophyll was 29.71 cm, 31.33, 5.80, 0.676 mg/g^-1, 0.762 mg/g^-1 and 1.037 mg/g^-1 recorded in Control (T₀), respectively. The maximum days to first flowering was recorded in T₀ (30 days). The minimum no. of nodules per plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, pod length, no. of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and hundred seed weight was 6.37, 5.14, 20.34, 11.62 g, 4.81 cm, 6.41, 1.21 and 2.00 was recorded in T_0, respectively. When compared to control, nearly 29.36% increase in plant height was observed for T₄ treatment. Also, 31.63% increase in no. of pods per plant was observed.

Discussion

This study reports on the impact of seaweed extract seed soaking and foliar spraying on growth parameters such as plant height (cm), the number of leaves, branches, and nodules per plant were all considerably greater in T₄ compared to T₂ (Fig 1). Treatment T₄ showed earlier flowering (Table 1). In T₀, the lower values were noted. The rise in first node height that results

Figure 1: Effect of follar application on seed soaking + follar spray on seaweed extracts on plant height (cm) and number of leaves per plant in green gram cv. VBN 2 Click here to view Figure

Table 1: Impact of seed soaking+foliar spray of seaweed extracts on growth parameters in green gram cv. VBN 2

Treatment details	Plant height (cm)	No. of leaves per Plant	No. of branches per Plant
T0	29.71	31.33	5.80
T1	37.47	35.55	7.23
T2	39.88	42.07	7.02
T3	32.93	37.30	8.41
T4	42.06	44.85	9.77
T5	36.49	38.83	6.83
T6	35.07	36.48	7.94
T7	33.77	34.74	7.70
T8	34.61	38.06	6.92
T9	34.10	35.69	7.32
MEAN	35.60	37.49	8.00
SED	1.3359	1.8937	0.3921
CD (p=0.05)	2.8054	3.9768	0.8234

Table 2: Impact of seed soaking+foliar spray of seaweed extracts on physiological traits in green gram cv. VBN 2

Treatment details	Chlorophyll ‘a’ (mg/g-1)	Chlorophyll ‘b’ (mg/g-1)	Total Chlorophyll (mg/g-1)
T0	0.676	0.762	1.037
T1	0.989	1.001	1.296
T2	1.252	1.174	1.442
T3	0.973	1.067	1.302
T4	1.296	1.253	1.578
T5	1.029	1.009	1.258
T6	0.845	0.989	1.141
T7	1.035	1.066	1.179
T8	1.067	1.012	1.293
T9	0.954	1.081	1.179
MEAN	1.012	1.041	1.272
SED	0.1365	0.055	0.080
CD (p=0.05)	0.2744	0.1123	0.1620

 Table 3: Impact of seed soaking+foliar spray of seaweed extracts on no. of nodules per plant, days to first flowering and no. of clusters per plant in green gram cv. VBN 2

Treatment details	No. of nodules per plant	Days to first Flowering	No. of clusters per Plant
T0	6.37	30	5.14
T1	7.52	30	7.25
T2	9.43	27	7.58
T3	8.29	30	6.86
T4	10.48	26	8.47
T5	7.98	30	6.62
T6	8.15	29	6.92
T7	7.49	28	7.03
T8	7.05	30	7.38
T9	7.29	30	6.55
MEAN	8.00	29.42	6.89
SED	0.3921	1.5258	0.4785
CD (p=0.05)	0.8234	3.2042	1.0048

from an increase in hypocotyl size. The heightened growth characteristics observed may be attributed to the presence of plant growth promoters (PGR) like cytokinin, as well as macro and micro elements found in seaweed extract. Due to the use of foliar spray of seaweed liquid fertilizer, which is the richest source of macro and macro nutrient, other growth parameters also demonstrated an upward trend. Seaweed extract applied during crucial stages of the crop was quickly and efficiently absorbed through the leaves, translocated to the vegetative and reproductive part. Several authors have reported similar conclusions.^7-10

The physiological traits i.e. Chlorophyll content showed significantly higher values in T₄ followed by T₂ (Table 2)_. These parameters have positively contributed towards yield. Increased levels of chlorophyll ‘a’ & ‘b’ and total chlorophyll could be due to the attributed seaweed extracts cytokinin and magnesium content, which are thought to be crucial components that promote growth in chlorophyll biosynthesis, may have had a significant impact on the physiological characteristics of green gram. The potassium from Kappaphycus alvarezii that are abundant in the seaweed utilised in this work are known to have a growth-promoting effect on plants. One of the essential nutrients for plants, potassium is necessary for numerous physiological functions such chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity. Several authors have reported findings that are similar.^11-13

Early flowering observed in T₄ treatment. The formation of flowers will be delayed in other concentrations of seaweed extract due to toxicity if the seaweed extract dosage is increased or decreased due to its hormonal action. Similar findings were made by author.¹⁴ In the present investigation yield parameters viz., no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, pod length, no. of seeds per pod, seed yield per pod and hundred seed weight expressed similar hike in T₄ followed by T₂, while lower values were recorded in T₀ (Table 3, 4 & 5).

Increase trend of yield contributing characters were observed T₄ followed by T₂. Among the two different seaweed extracts Kappaphycus performed well compared to Gracilaria nearly 80% increase was noticed by the seeds soaked and foliar spray with kappaphycus and 66% increased with Gracilaria treated seeds. The quality and yield potential of seeds have been enhanced by the presence of critical amino acids, trace minerals, vitamin supplements, and plant growth regulators including gibberellins and cytokines in seaweed. The number of seeds per pod and seed yield per pod were the main contributing elements to the yield increase. This might be because the growth promoting harmones (IAA and IBA), cytokinins, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, vitamins and amino acids which in turn increased the yield parameters. A number of authors presented reports that were comparable.^15-17

Table 4: Impact of seed soaking+foliar spray of seaweed extracts on pod characters in green gram cv. VBN 2

Treatment details	No. of pods per Plant	Pod yield per plant (g)	Pod length (cm)
T0	20.34	11.62	4.81
T1	22.61	14.43	6.51
T2	27.87	19.32	7.57
T3	26.96	15.97	5.97
T4	29.75	22.02	8.55
T5	26.91	16.74	6.93
T6	24.44	15.55	6.65
T7	25.21	17.77	6.99
T8	23.22	16.01	6.19
T9	25.08	15.04	6.12
MEAN	25.24	16.44	6.63
SED	0.4933	0.3465	0.1268
CD (p=0.05)	1.0360	0.7276	0.2663

 Table 5: Impact of seed soaking+foliar spray of seaweed extracts on seed yield attributes in green gram cv. VBN 2

Treatment details	No. of seeds per pod	Seed yield per plant	Hundred seed Weight
T0	6.41	1.21	2.00
T1	7.64	2.43	2.42
T2	10.11	4.32	3.20
T3	8.64	2.91	2.65
T4	12.88	5.71	3.76
T5	9.10	3.39	2.51
T6	8.12	3.33	2.70
T7	7.99	3.44	2.21
T8	8.89	3.01	2.88
T9	7.44	3.71	2.55
MEAN	8.72	3.34	2.68
SED	0.16	0.2497	0.0528
CD (p=0.05)	0.35	0.5244	0.1108

Conclusion

The study reveals that the field experiment, VBN 2 seeds treated with seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (2.5%) showed improvement in growth and yield characters was due to the presence of bioactive substances, cumulative effect of nutrition of Kappaphycus alvarezii (2.5%) when compared to the action of two sea weed extract Kappaphycus performed better than gracilaria. 

Acknowledgement

The staff and students of GPB department extended their support during the study, has our deepest gratitude.

Funding Sources

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement

This statement does not apply to this article.

Ethics Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal, subjects, or any material that requires The ethical approval.

Informed Consent Statement

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.

Author’s Contribution

G.G. (G. Gowrisanke) – Data collection and analysis.

S.P. (S. Padmavathi) – Manuscript finalizing and revie.

S.A. (S. Arunkumar) – Manuscript preparation and editing.

A.P.R.(A. Praveen Rajasimhan) – Field experiment conducted. 

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