Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa Against Some Vegetable Pathogenic Fungi

Introduction

The plant Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa has been found widely distributed as an living fence or hedge plant. It is escaped cultivation and established itself as a weed in cultivated fields, such as rice plantations. It is invasive and naturalised primarily in disturbed sites, riparian areas and wetlands. It has the potential to outcompete native plants because it is a fierce competitor for resources (such nutrients and water). The species has a noxious weed category.¹ Many of tropical medicinal and aromatic plants have been shows to have notable antifungal and antibacterial activity and because they are natural origin, almost all of which are used by humans, there is nothing much side effects or toxicity even at extremely high level application.² A very well-known examples are Neem (Azadirachta indica)³ and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus).⁴

The harmful effect of synthetic chemicals can only be solved through an uninterrupted search for new and safer pesticides, combined with widespread usage of eco-friendly and effective pest control methods.⁵ Plants serve as a reservoir for potent chemotherapeutants and can be valuable sources of natural insecticides.^{6, 7} Different plant parts like stem and stem bark are known to have potential antibacterial activities. The antifungal properties of the stem and its bark extracts have been seen by several researchers.^8-11

In comparison to synthetic pesticides, plant metabolites and plant-based insecticides are known to have less of an adverse effect on the environment and shows minimum risks to consumers.¹² Numerous higher plant extracts have been found to have antifungal effects in laboratory tests.^13-15 It seems promising to use plant metabolites to safeguard crops and stop biodeterioration brought on by fungi. In consideration of these, the author tested a few extracts for their ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi that affect vegetables, and the results are described in this work.

Materials and Methods

Isolation of pathogenic fungus

Pathogenic fungus were isolated from infected plant host and grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Pure cultures of each fungus have been grown independently on PDA slants from identified pathogenic fungus cultures. Further research was conducted using these pure cultures.

Preparation of powder

Samples of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa were collected from the Gondur Dam, Near Dhule city (MS), India. It was confirmed by comprising with an authentic specimen in laboratory. A voucher specimen of the plant was deposited in the Departmental herbarium for future reference. The collected plant material cleansed with tap water in-depth before being rinsed with sterile distilled water. With the help of sharp knife, the bark from stem and root was collected; the collected material were put to shade-dried and grounded in an electric mixer to make fine powder. Air tight polythene bags were used to store the fine powder of various parts. Further extraction was performed using this stock powder.

Figure 1: Habitat of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa Click here to view Figure

Preparation of various extracts

Different solvent systems, such as distilled water, alcohol and chloroform, were used to prepare the extracts. 100 ml of the abovementioned solvent was used to dissolve 100 g of each type of powder. The three-layered filter paper was used to filter it. From this stock, various concentration levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) were produced. This was saved as a stock solution. The solvent system in use served as the control. These different concentrations were used to biocide the pathogen that causes fungus. The extract’s bio-efficacy was evaluated in vitro using the well-in-agar diffusion method.¹⁶

Well-in-agar method

For even dispersion of the spores, a loopful of the test organism from the inoculums suspension was spread evenly on the solidified sterile culture media in the petridishes. A 0.5 cm well was formed in the media using a sterile cork borer, and known amounts of plant extract were placed inside each well to allow for diffusion of the extract into the media. The petridishes were incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 30±2°C and the measurements of the inhibitory zone’s diameter in millimeters were taken. In all of the studies, a well in an agar plate was filled with sterile distilled water and solvent as a control. Each experiment was performed in triplicate, and the mean was taken into account in the observation table. 

Results and Discussions

Results of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa extracts against vegetable pathogenic F. oxysporum and R. stolonifer (Table 1)

In 100% concertation of leaf extract in alcohol showed maximum inhibition values of 21.23 mm and 20.9 mm for F. oxysporum and R. stolonifer compared to 19.2 mm and 18.25 mm for chloroform extract and 19.90 mm and 14.3 mm for aqueous extract. At concentration of 25% aqueous extract, the minimal inhibition by leaf extract was 5.1 mm for F. oxysporum while 6.5 mm is for R. stolonifer.

The highest 20.6 mm and 20.1 mm inhibition for R. stolonifer and F. oxysporum were obtained by the stem bark alcoholic extract at a concentration of 100%, but the findings for the chloroform and aqueous extracts were in decreasing order. At a concentration of 25% aqueous extract, the minimum inhibitory effect of stem bark extract was measured to be 6.1 mm for F. oxysporum and 7.2 mm for R. stolonifer.

The highest 13.5 mm and 12.3 mm inhibition for R. stolonifer and F. oxysporum were shown by the alcoholic root bark extract at a concentration of 100%, but the findings for the chloroform and aqueous extracts were in decreasing order. At a concentration of 25% aqueous extract, the minimum inhibitory effect of root bark extract was measured to be 4.6 mm for F. oxysporum and 4.2 mm for R. stolonifer.

The leaves alcoholic extract exhibited the greatest activity against the test fungus, but the root aqueous extract showed the least activity. All of the test organisms’ radial growth was found to be inhibited by the extracts when added to the culture medium. Although the test organisms responded differently to each extract, overall growth inhibition became more pronounced as extract concentration increased. The antifungal activity was shown to be in ascending sequence, i.e., root, stem bark and leaves.

According to numerous research, plant metabolites and plant-based pesticides are among the best alternatives because they are recognized to have less of an adverse effect on the environment and pose fewer risks to consumers than synthetic pesticides.^{12, 17-18} Upadhyay et al., (2010) investigated the antifungal activity and preliminary phytochemical analyses of Juglans regia Linn. stem bark extracts.¹⁰ Shilpakala et al. (2009) conducted research on the antifungal activity of several Cassia fistula extracts as well as bioactivity-guided isolation and identification of antifungal agent.¹⁹ Igbinosa et al. (2009) investigated Jatropha curcas stem bark extracts antibacterial efficacy and phytochemical screening.²⁰ Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) stems were used to make sphignolipids, which Tang et al. (2010) discovered and found to have antibacterial activity.²¹ Priya et al. (2010) investigated the antifungal properties of various Cassia fistula extracts and bioactivity assisted in the isolation and identification of an antifungal agent.²² Achyranthes aspera could have antibacterial and antifungal properties, according to Londonkar et al., 2011.²³ The antifungal properties and phytochemical analysis of Ocimum gratissimum L. extracts.²⁴ Recently, Mayuri et al. (2015) have demonstrated the antifungal activity of several medical plant material extract against the fungus Aspergillus niger, the antifungal activity of two medicinal plants against the fungus Candida albicans, and the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Aegle marmelos.^25-28 Therefore, as a first step in the order to explore the relationship, it is necessary to look for alternative techniques to taking things into consideration.

Table 1: Effect of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa extract on vegetable pathogenic fungi

* – Values are averages over three replicates; Chlorf= Chloroform; D.W. = Distilled water 

 Conclusion

A study was conducted to assess the antifungal effects of Ipomoea carnea extracts on vegetable pathogenic F. oxysporum and R. stolonifera using the well in agar technique. Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, and root bark were used in the in vitro investigations. The alcoholic leaf extract displayed the highest level of activity against the test fungus, whereas the aqueous root extract displayed the lowest level of activity. All of the test organisms’ radial growth was found to be inhibited by the extracts when added to the culture medium. Although the test organisms reacted differently to each extract, overall growth inhibition became more pronounced as extract concentration increased.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Head, Department of Botany, SSVP Sansthas, L. K. Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule for providing the necessary laboratory facilities. 

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