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Introduction
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the highly demanded vegetable crop having worldwide demand and production of fresh fruits. In India, tomato crop is mainly grown in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Total area under the tomato crop in India is about 910 thousand hectare with production of 19193 thousand metric tons. The highest productivity of tomato is incurred by Spain having 66.81 t/ha while India has only 21.2 t/ha. In India, Andhra Pradesh contributed maximum production (3354.47 metric tons) but highest productivity was occupied by Karnataka (33.9 t/ha).3 The important insect pest of tomato is fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) which limits production and market value of crop produce. H. armigera commonly known as gram pod borer, American bollworm and fruit borer11 causes 40-50 percent damage to the tomato crop.12 H. armigera is the big threat in tomato production which causes yield losses about 20 to 60 per cent by feeding on developing vegetables.15,10 Apart from this, resistance to pesticide becomes a serious threat due to the injudicious use of chemical pesticide against the borer, presence of chemical traces on fruits over a long period of time and hazardous effect to the environment.4,5 As an alternate, IPM components viz., behavioral manipulation (semio-chemicals) of insect pests isa feasible approach for monitoring & minimizing the population of H. armigera. Number of maleinsects caught in pheromone baited trap is used asan indicator of pest presence or as an estimate ofpopulation density. Installation of large number ofpheromone traps reduces the male mothpopulation and thereby least chances of matingwith females moth. As such, the eggs laid by thefemale moths are generally unfertilized. Thistechnology i.e. mass trapping of moths can fit welland in a compatible manner as one of the IPM tools.13 For the mass trapping of Leucinodes orbonalis Gue. In brinjal1 and H. armigera in chick pea 40 pheromone traps per hectare have been standardized.2 In order to reduce the excessive use of insecticides in tomato fields, environmentally sound control strategies have been developed, including pheromone trap, cultural control measures (e.g. crop rotation, selective removal and destruction of infested plant material),9 the use of natural enemies (parasitoids, predators, entomopathogens and nematodes)7,16 and resistant varieties of tomato.6 Hence, in the present investigations, attempts were made to standardize thenumbers of pheromone traps formass trapping of male moths of H. armigera in tomato.
Materials and Methods
An experiment to standardized number of pheromone traps required for the management of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato was carried out during two consecutive years in farmer’s field located at Village: Vadala, Taluka & District: Kheda (rabi 2011) and at Village: Vadia, Taluka: Savli & District: Vadodara (Summer 2012) in Large Plot Completely Randomized design with 4 different treatments viz., pheromone traps @ 30, 40 & 50 /haand 10 repetitions. Each treatment was allotted to a plot of 0.5 hectare with tomato plants spaced at 90 X 60 cm. The pheromone traps were installed equidistantly one month after transplanting plants. The lures were changed twice at 25 days interval after initial installation of traps. The observations on population of eggs and larva; damage to fruits; and moth catches were recorded at weekly interval after installation of traps. Each plot was divided into 10 quadrates (each of 500 m2) considering one quadrate as one repetition. Five plants were selected randomly in each quadrate and observations on population of eggs and larva as well as damage to fruits were recorded on 2 randomly selected twigs (each of 10 cm length) per plant. The data on egg and larval population on 10 twigs as well as per cent damaged fruits were analysed period-wise as well as pooled over periods and years.
Table 2: Impact of mass trapping of H. armigera moths on the damage in tomato. (pooled over periods and year)
| Table:2 Impact of mass trapping of H. armigera moths on the damage in tomato (pooled over periods and year) | |||||||||
|
Treatments |
Egg population (Pooled of 12 observations) per 10 twigs |
Larval population (Pooled of 12 observations) per 10 twigs |
Per cent damaged fruits Pooled of 10 observations |
||||||
|
First year |
Second year |
Pooled over year |
First year |
Second year |
Pooled over year |
First year |
Second year |
Pooled over year |
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
|
|||||||||
| 30 Traps /ha |
1.58b (1.75) [43.72] |
1.53b (1.84) [42.31] |
1.55b (1.90) [41.71] |
1.90b (3.11) [38.50] |
1.84b (2.89) [39.66] |
1.87b (3.00) [38.52] |
18.37b (9.93) [28.20] |
16.00b (7.60) [35.81] |
17.19b (8.73) [31.90] |
| 40 Traps /ha |
1.21a (0.94) [69.77] |
1.14a (0.80) [74.92] |
1.18b (0.89) [72.69] |
1.40a (1.46) [70.92] |
1.33a (1.27) [73.48] |
1.37a (1.38) [71.72] |
13.67a (5.59) [59.58] |
10.46a (3.30) [72.12] |
12.06a (4.37) [65.91] |
| 50 Traps /ha |
1.15a (0.71) [77.17] |
1.10a (0.71) [77.74] |
1.13a (0.78) [76.07] |
1.39a (1.43) [71.71] |
1.31a (1.22) [74.53] |
1.35a (1.32) [72.95] |
12.90a (4.98) [63.99] |
9.32a (2.62) [77.87] |
11.11a (3.71) [71.06] |
| Control |
1.96c (3.11) |
1.92c (3.19) |
1.94c (3.26) |
2.35c (5.02) |
2.30c (4.79) |
2.32c (4.88) |
21.83c (13.83) |
20.13c (11.84) |
20.98c (12.82) |
|
Mean |
1.47 (1.46) |
1.42 (1.52) |
1.45 (1.60) |
1.76 (2.60) |
1.69 (2.35) |
1.73 (2.49) |
16.69 (8.25) |
13.97 (5.83) |
15.33 (6.99) |
|
ANOVA |
|||||||||
| S. Em. +Treatment (T) |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.02 |
0.32 |
0.45 |
0.21 |
| Period (P) |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.39 |
0.48 |
0.30 |
|
Year (Y) |
– |
– |
0.00 |
– |
– |
0.00 |
– |
– |
0.06 |
|
T x P |
– |
– |
0.02 |
– |
– |
0.02 |
– |
– |
0.30 |
|
T x Y |
0.06 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
0.79 |
0.96 |
0.42 |
|
P x Y |
– |
– |
0.04 |
– |
– |
0.05 |
– |
– |
0.59 |
|
T x P x Y |
– |
– |
0.05 |
– |
– |
0.08 |
– |
– |
0.84 |
| C.D. @ 5 % T |
0.12 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
0.11 |
0.18 |
0.06 |
0.89 |
1.32 |
0.66 |
|
P |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
0.16 |
0.10 |
0.07 |
1.05 |
1.43 |
0.82 |
|
Y |
– |
– |
0.01 |
– |
– |
0.01 |
– |
– |
0.18 |
|
T x P |
0.16 |
0.14 |
0.05 |
0.19 |
0.19 |
0.07 |
NS |
2.66 |
0.82 |
|
T x Y |
– |
– |
NS |
– |
– |
NS |
– |
– |
1.17 |
|
P x Y |
– |
– |
NS |
– |
– |
NS |
– |
– |
1.65 |
|
T x P x Y |
– |
– |
NS |
– |
– |
NS |
– |
– |
NS |
|
C. V. % |
12.34 |
11.47 |
11.65 |
12.59 |
12.83 |
12.27 |
14.94 |
21.73 |
17.5 |
| Notes: 1. Figures outside the parenthesis are transformed values in column 2-7 and arcsine transformed values in column 8-10; while those inside are retransformed values; 2. Treatment mean with same letter are not significant at 5 % level of significance within a column; 3. Figures in [ ] are per cent reduction over control. | |||||||||
Results
The data on moth catches presented in Table 1 revealed that the total moth catches were highest duringfirst (9630 moths /ha) as well as second (9405 moths /ha) year with an average of 9518 moths /ha in the treatment of 50 traps /ha followed by 40 traps /ha (8020 in the first year, 8060 in the second year with an average 8040 /ha) and 30 traps /ha (7170 in the first year, 6843 in the second year and average 7005 /ha). Thus, as number of traps /ha increased, the moth catches /ha also increased.
The data presented in Table 2 revealed that all the three treatments (30, 40 & 50 traps /ha) recorded significantly lower population of eggs and larvae as well as per cent pod damage than control (No-trap). The treatment of 50 traps /ha recorded significantly lowest population of eggs (0.78 eggs /10 twigs) followed by 40 (0.89 eggs /10 twigs) and 30 (1.90 eggs /10 twigs) traps /ha, whichwere at par with each other. So far the data on larval population and per cent damaged fruits are concerned; the treatment of 50 traps /ha recorded lowest larval population (1.32 /10 twigs) and per cent fruit damage (3.71) and it was at par with the treatment of 40 traps /ha which recorded 1.38 larvae /10 twigs and 4.37 per cent fruit damage. The treatment of 50 traps /ha also recorded higher per cent reduction in the population of eggs (76.07) and larvae (72.95) as well as per cent fruit damage (71.06) than the treatments of 40 (72.69, 71.72 and 65.91, respectively) & 30 (47.71, 38.52 and 31.90, respectively) traps /ha.
Table 1: Moth catches under different treatments in tomato.
| Table 1: Moth catches under different treatments in tomato | |||
| Treatments | Moth catches/ trap (Total of 10 observations) | ||
| First year | Second year | Mean of two years | |
| 30 Traps /ha | 238.98{7170} | 228.09{6843} | 233.54{7005} |
| 40 Traps /ha | 200.5{8020} | 201.50{8060} | 201.00{8040} |
| 50 Traps /ha | 192.6{9630} | 188.10{9405} | 190.35{9518} |
Discussion
The highest moth catches were recorded (9630 moths /ha)during first year, while 9405moths /ha were recorded during second year with an average of 9518 /ha during two consecutive years. The treatment of 50 traps /ha recorded significantly lowest population of eggs (0.78 /10 twigs), lowest larval population (1.32 /10 twigs) and per cent fruit damage (3.71). Since the treatment of 50 traps /ha and 40 traps /ha were at par with each other, so far larval population and per cent fruit damage are concerned, 40 traps /ha can be considered as optimum number for annihilation of males of H. armigera in tomato crop.The findings of research are in good agreements with14 who reported the highest moth catches (9630during 2011-12, 11272 during 2012-13 with an average of 10451moths/ha) in pigeon peacrop installed with of 50 traps /ha. There was a successive reduction of the cutworm population during the years 2003 and 2004 infesting potato crop after the installation of 50 traps per and also lower down the damage caused [8]. Comparing the results with other crop i.e. pigeon pea, 50 traps /ha is required to manage this pest which may be due to dense vegetation of the crop but in case of tomato 40 as well as 50 traps /ha found best but looking to the economics of the treatment, 40 traps / ha can be recommended to the farmers for mass trapping of the male moths of H. armigera and thereby in reducing population of eggs and larvae as well as per cent fruit damage in tomato crop.As the finding is somewhat new in tomato crop but the results are also in good agreements with the findings of other authors in different crops.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi for sponsoring the Emeritus Scientist Project as well as Anand Agricultural University for the continuous support during the experiment.
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